Comprehensive Analysis and Validation of the Atmospheric Weighted Mean Temperature Models in China

Atmospheric weighted mean temperature (Tm) is a key parameter used by the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for calculating precipitable water vapor (PWV). Some empirical Tm models using meteorological or non-meteorological parameters have been proposed to calculate PWV, but their accuracy and reliability cannot be guaranteed in some regions. To validate determine optimal model PWV retrieval China, this paper analyzes evaluates typical models, namely, Linear, Pressure Temperature 3 (GPT3), China (CTm), Weighted Mean Temperature-H (GTm-H) Tropospheric (GTrop) models. The values of these are first obtained at corresponding radiosonde (RS) stations over period 2011 2020. 87 RS also calculated layered data regarded as reference. Comparison results show that five has an obvious geographical distribution decreases along with increasing altitude latitude, respectively. average root square (RMS) Bias GPT3, CTm, GTm-H GTrop 4.2/3.7/3.4/3.6/3.3 K 0.7/−1.0/0.7/−0.1/0.3 K, Among Linear GPT3 lower high-altitude regions, whereas better stability throughout whole China. These generally higher regions low latitude middle high latitudes. In addition, poor general, CTm obviously less accurate stable than latitude. different accuracies across four demonstrating relatively stability. Therefore, recommended obtain